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02 February 2021

Volume 32 | Issue 2

ISSN (Print): 0964-9271

ISSN (Online): 2052-2940

Understanding the pathogenesis of heart failure

Normally, cardiac physiology is able to meet the body's metabolic demand through sufficient cardiac output (CO) defined as stroke volume (ml) eg 70 ml, x heart rate (beats per minute) e.g. 70b pm, which is typically around 5 l/min (70 x 70). Stroke volume (SV) itself is affected by three factors:.

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