COPD prevalence is also associated with socioeconomic deprivation and high-risk occupational industrial areas, and environmental and metabolic risk factors have the highest impact on disease...
Long-term exposure to risk factors such as tobacco smoking – the most common cause of COPD – and symptoms caused by progressive lung damage are often present before individuals seek a diagnosis. The...
The fundamental mechanisms of physical inactivity in COPD are poorly understood, with a number of published theories available (Barnes and Celli, 2009; Troosters et al, 2013). One widely accepted...
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